Sevgili Adaylar;
- Paragraf - ve dolayısı ile metin - analizi yapmak için, aşağıdaki sırayı izlemeniz yararlı olacaktır.
- Genel anlam için tüm metni okuyun ve sorun çıkarması olası yapı ve tümcelerin altını çizin. Çoğu metnin tümünü okumadan analize başlamakta ve bu nedenle de, bir bakıma, hiç bilmedikleri bir metni analize çabalamaktadırlar.
- Tüm reference sözcüklerini inceleyin;
Mr. and Mrs. Barnett have had a road accident. That happened 17
miles off London.
That = Road accident
- Bilinmeyen sözcükleri çözümleyin;
- Tek tek tümceleri inceleyin; (S V O; yan tümceler vs. )
- Anında anlama durumuna engel olacak her türden tümce bileşenini belirleyeceğiniz özel bir işaretle […] vb.. saptayın.
Subject: ( ) Main Verb:
Adjectives, Adverbs:
Subordinate Clauses:
The word, of nineteen letters in sum, was quite difficult to spell.
The word, [of nineteen letters in sum], was quite difficult to
spell.
ALIŞTIRMA 1
Bu alıştırmada yer alan üç metinden biri özgün, diğerleri ise bu
özgün metinden yazılmış, farklı resmiyet dereceleri taşıyan metinler. Bu üç
metin içinden dilediğinizi (istediğiniz herhangi birini) analiz edin. Anlamı
çıkarmak için diğer metinlerden yardım alabilirsiniz.
a.
Dr Marsh:
"When one is "day-dreaming", as the expression goes, one can
imagine oneself as being exceptionally strong or outstandingly gifted. One
could marry a prince or come into a fortune. And the only limit is our own
imagination. Our plans, in these day-dreams, don't have to be ones that would
actually work in practice, because we can imagine getting what we want, and how
to get it! Daydreaming offers such wonderful solutions to our problems that
some people who can't face up to the ordinary demands of life end up relying
completely on their dreams. Unfortunately, though this may satisfy them
mentally, it doesn't satisfy them physically. And so they may end up needing
institutional care.
b.
Daydreaming.
Popular expression for the indulgence in fancy or reverie while awake. In this
condition, the subject may imagine himself endowed with exceptional capacities,
e.g. unusual strength or remarkable skills. This may be accompanied by
illusions such as marrying a prince or inheriting a fortune. The only
limitation to daydreaming is that of the individual's imaginative powers. In
this condition, the imaginary plans of action need not be those which could be
practically realized, since both the achievement of the (imagined) goal and the
means by which it is attained are products of imagination.
One of the consequences of daydreaming is
that, because it offers a potential solution to personal problems, it may
become an indispensable defense-mechanism for persons unable to deal with the
practical demands of life. The regrettable consequence of this is that
daydreaming, while satisfying the needs of the mind, fails to satisfy those of
the body. As a result, day-dreams may eventually require therapeutic treatment.
c.
In the process
of what we usually call "day-dreaming" we can imagine ourselves with
unusual strength or unexpected abilities. We can marry a prince or inherit a
fortune. We are limited only by our own imaginations. Our plan of action does
not have to be the one which is likely to succeed in practice because we are
able to imagine the achievement of our goal as well as the means to its achievement.
There are such wonderful possibilities in this solution to our problems that
some people, unable to cope with the practical requirements of life, fall back
completely on it. Unfortunately it fails to give physiological satisfaction
with its psychological satisfaction, so that such people may require
institutional care.
ALIŞTIRMA 2
Aşağıdaki paragrafları derste işlediğiniz örnekler şeklinde analiz
ediniz. Bilmediğiniz kelimeleri metinden tahmin etmeye çalışınız.
Başaramadığınız takdirde o kelimenin anlamının cümleyi çözebilmeniz için
gerçekten gerekli olup olmadığını kontrol ediniz. SADECE gerekli ise ve başka
çarenizin kalmadığından eminseniz sözlük kullanın.
PARAGRAF 1
Often people who hold higher positions in a given group overestimate
their performance, while people in the lowest levels of the group underestimate
theirs. While this may not always be true, it does not indicate that often the
actual position in the group has much to do with the feeling of personal
confidence a person may have. Thus, if a member holds a high position in a
group or if he feels that he has an important part in the group, he will
probably have more confidence in his own performance.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 2
Like any theory of importance, that of social or cultural anthropology
was the work of many minds and took on many forms. Some, the best known of its
opponents, worked on broad areas and attempted to describe and account for the
development of human civilization in its totality. Others restricted their
efforts to specific aspects of the culture, taking up the evolution of art, or
the state, or religion.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 3
I saw by the clock of the city jail that it was past eleven, so I
decided to go to the newspaper immediately. Outside the editor's door I stopped
to make sure my pages were in the right order; I smoothed them out carefully,
stuck them back into my pocket, and knocked. I could hear my heart thumping as
I walked in.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 4
In recent years there have been many reports of a growing impatience
with psychiatry, with its seeming foreverness, its high cost, its debatable
results, and its vague, esoteric terms. To many people it is like a blind man
in a dark room looking for a black cat that is not there. The magazines and
mental health associations say psychiatric treatment is a good thing, but what
it is or what it accomplishes has not been made clear.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 5
The Incas had never acquired the art of writing, but they had developed
a complicated system of knotted cords called quipus. These were made of the
wool of the alpaca or llama, dyed in various colors, the significance of which
was known to the officials. The cords were knotted in such a way as to
represent the decimal system. Thus an important message relating to the
progress of crops, the amount of taxes collected, or the advance of an enemy
could be speedily sent by trained runners along the post roads.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 6
There was a time when scholars held that early man lived in a king of
beneficent anarchy, in which each person was granted his rights by his fellows
and there was no governing or being governed. Various early writers looked back
to this Golden Age but the point of view that man was originally a child of
nature is best known to us in the writings of Rousseau, Locke, and Hobbes.
These men described the concept of social contract, which they said had put an
end to the state of nature in which earliest man is supposed to have lived.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 7
The illustrations in books make it easier for us to believe in people
and events described. The more senses satisfied, the easier is belief. Visual
observation tends to be the most convincing evidence. Children, being less
capable of translating abstractions into actualities, need illustration more
than adults. Most of us, when we read, tend to create only vague ghostlike
forms in response to the words. The illustrator, when he reads, must see. The
great illustrator sees accurately.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 8
Surveys reveal that most adults consider themselves "well informed
about the affairs of the nation and the world." Yet a regularly taken
Roper poll that asks, "From where do you obtain most of your information
about the world ?" has found the percentage of people who reply, "Television"
has been increasing steadily over the past decade. The latest questionnaire
found that well over 60 percent of the respondents chose television over other
media as their major source of information. These two facts are difficult to
reconcile since even a casual study of television news reveals that it is only
a headline service and not a source of information enabling one to shape a
world view.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 9
The dusty book room whose windows never opened, through whose panes the
summer sun sent a dim light where gold speckles danced and shimmered, opened
magic windows for me through which I looked another worlds and times than those
in which I lived. The narrow shelves rose halfway up the walls, their topes
piled with untidy layers that almost touched the ceiling. The piles on the
floor had to be climbed over, columns of books flanked the window, falling at a
touch.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 10
By voting against mass transportation, voters have chosen to continue on
a road to ruin. Our interstate highways, those much praised golden avenues
built to whisk suburban travelers in and out of downtown have turned into the
world's most expensive parking lots. That expense is not only economic - it is
social. These highways have created great wall separating neighborhood from
neighborhood, disrupting the complex social connections that help make a city
livable.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 11
There are basically two kinds of printer worth considering these days
for use with a small home or business computer, both of them of the impact
variety, that is, those which strike through an inked ribbon in order to
deposit the impression on the paper. The first, and by far the most popular, is
the dot matrix variety, which is cheaper and faster than the second type, the
formed character printer. This latter type, characterized by its use of a
"daisywheel" arrangement, while suffering from the disadvantages
mentioned, as well as from a lack of ability to reproduce graphics, is the only
kind so far which can offer quick changes of type style or size and which gives
professional quality printing.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 12
Amber is created when the resins produced by certain trees in tropical
or subtropical climates undergo a transformation process that usually takes
millions of years, and which is still not fully understood. The Baltic Sea area, now a temperature zone, probably holds
the best- known and most highly-prized supply of amber, which is used in
jewelry. In addition, in earlier centuries, magical properties were attributed
to amber because of the electricity it acquires when rubbed.
The substance is also of great interest to scientists since it has been
the means of preserving fossils, especially of insects, as much as 40 million
years old. Amber varies greatly according to the place where it is formed, the
amber in each location having its characteristic color, hardness, and even
odor.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 13
The Currier and Ives firm of lithographers was founded by Nathaniel
Currier in 1934. James Ives joined the firm as a bookkeeper eighteen years
later just after becoming Currier's brother-in-law, and was made a partner in
1857. The pair showed an uncanny ability to predict what the American public
would rush to buy in the way of cheap art, and literally hundreds of thousands
of prints from as many as 7,000 individual pictures were turned out and sold
from the firm's shop in lower New York by street vendors and over shop counters
throughout the country and even in Europe. Though in the course of time the
firm employed some of America's
finest artists, artistic excellence could certainly not be counted among the
firm's real goals. Nevertheless, some time after it went out of business in
1907, the prints enjoyed new popularity as collectors' items, the rarer
examples fetching thousands of dollars in the 1920's.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 14
Recent research into whether people who are good at solving brain
twisters are more intelligent than those who are not suggests that the
"experts" make use of a special type of insight. However, not only do
they appear to be good at this (choosing which elements to process, to combine,
or to compare from the information given), but they are also clever at making
use of "general" or prior knowledge and at monitoring their own
progress with a particular problem. In addition, they appear capable of
adopting as appropriate cognitive style consisting of a combination of impulse
and reflection. Just what this combination is still mystifies the researchers,
and so does the original question, to which their answer is a somewhat
frustrating possibly.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 15
The eradication of malaria has proved to be a much more intractable
problem than ridding the world of what used to be regarded as a much more
terrible scourge: smallpox. Even after decades of campaigns against the former
disease, some 200 million people are infected annually, whereas fortunately the
latter has now virtually disappeared. One of the more interesting approaches
now being investigated to combat malaria is development of what would be the
first altruistic vaccine - that is, one not aimed at protesting those who are
immunized, nor at curing the disease, but one which would prevent carriers of
the disease from transmitting it to others.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 16
The fact that some naturally left-handed children are forced into
becoming right-handed may even result in levophobia, an irrational fear of the
left. Sufferers from this rare condition find their hearts pound as if a heart
attack were coming on a result of their brains releasing adrenaline at the mere
prospect of a left-oriented maneuver. They refuse to stand on the left side of
an elevator, make left-hand turns when driving, sometimes even to look to the
left. Psychologists believe levophobia will only disappear entirely when left
handed children - a minority in all known societies - are fully accepted.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 17
Since an increasing amount of the information we take in today has been
previously recorded and is then presented to us through radio, TV, or cassette,
there are obvious advantages in speeding up recorded material. Up until now,
the problem in doing this has been that simply increasing the speed of a
recording makes the pitch of the voice unnaturally high. Now, a solution of
this problem is offered by machines that lower the pitch and break down speech
into tiny fragments. With the aid of a computer, certain unnecessary parts of
the recording are eliminated and the speech is then put back together, to
reduce a thirty-minute broadcast by as much as 20% without leaving out
anything.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 18
Simply stated, computational linguistics is no more than the use of
electronic digital computers in linguistic research. These machines are
employed to scan texts and to produce, more rapidly and more reliably than is
possible without their aid, such reliable tools for linguistic and stylistic
research as word lists, frequency counts, and concordances. But more
interesting and theoretically much more difficult than the compilation of
lists, is the use of computers for automatic grammatical analysis and translation.
A considerable amount of progress was made in the area of machine translation
in the United States, Great Britain, the Soviet Union, and France between the
mid-1950's and the mid-1960's, but much of the original impetus for this work
has now disappeared, due in part to the realization that the problems involved
are infinitely more complex than was at first envisaged. Thus, translation
continues to remain as much an art as a science, if not more so.
Verbs: Reference
PARAGRAF 19
Desertification, the loss of the soil's biological productivity, occurs
naturally to a limited extent. The pace at which the process has spread
recently, however, is largely man's own doing. This fact was highlighted by the
great Sahel drought of 1968-73. The worst
effects of this drought were caused by nomadic peoples who had earlier been
forced by national governments to adopt agricultural and grazing practices that
were not in accord with their traditions. In common with those of other nomads
around the world, such traditions involved never staying in one place so long
as to exhaust the earth that provided them with sustenance. When these people
were not allowed to follow this tradition, the process of desertification moved
ahead quickly.
Verbs: Reference
Hiç yorum yok:
Yorum Gönder